This paper introduces a novel theoretical approach to understanding artefact functions by advocating for a "normative functions" account, inspired by the literature on conceptual functions in philosophy. Normative functions of concepts are, roughly, things that they allow us to do that matter normatively (for example, things in virtue of which we have normative reasons to have these concepts).

The rationale for drawing on the conceptual functions literature is based on the idea that concepts, like physical artefacts, are often products of intentional human activity aimed at fulfilling specific purposes. This paper investigates the similarities and differences between concepts and physical artefacts, providing a better understanding of how concepts themselves can be considered a special type of artefact.

Furthermore, the paper explores the different explanatory roles that artefact functions are expected to fulfill in the literature (such as identification, usage instructions, creation justification and categorization), and critiques existing accounts of artefact function for their limitations in playing these roles. By examining these explanatory roles, the paper highlights the gaps in our current understanding of artefact functions, and motivates the introduction of a new approach. If we apply the normative functions approach to artefacts, this leads to the following definition of normative artefact functions:

An artefact X has the normative function to produce effect E if and only if (1) in a relevant range of circumstances C, applications of X produce E and (2) users of X have normative reason to deploy X because X produces E in C.

The core of the analysis investigates to what extent normative functions can address and fulfill the explanatory roles traditionally ascribed to artefact functions. This exploration involves assessing the applicability of normative functions across different contexts, and provides an understanding of why certain artefact-types are valued over others.

This paper contributes to the literate on artefact functions by highlighting the importance of normative reasons in the design and use of artefacts. By merging ideas from the philosophy of conceptual functions, it creates a valuable connection between conceptual engineering and technological artefacts.